Disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional en estudiantes de Estomatología de ocho universidades cubanas / Willingness towards international medical collaboration in dental students from eight Cuban universities

Introducción: Cuba se ha caracterizado por enviar a diversos países delegaciones de salud, llamadas "misiones médicas". Sin embargo, el interés de los futuros profesionales de formar parte de esas delegaciones no se ha investigado. Objetivos: Caracterizar la disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional e identificar los factores asociados en estudiantes cubanos de Estomatología. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación transversal, analítica de datos secundarios, en estudiantes de todos los años del curso académico 2018-2019, pertenecientes a ocho universidades. La variable dependiente fue el reporte de la disposición de ir a misiones médicas. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Participaron 1174 estudiantes, de los cuales 830 (71 por ciento) estuvieron dispuestos a cumplir misiones médicas. Existió una mayor disposición hacia la colaboración médica conforme aumentaba la edad (RPa: 1,02; IC 95 por ciento: 1,00-1,04; p = 0,044); así como, en los estudiantes que reportaron presión familiar para estudiar la carrera (RPa: 1,17; IC 95 por ciento: 1,09-1,26; p < 0,001). Aquellos que reportaron buenas notas antes de ingresar a la universidad (RPa: 0,83; IC 95 por ciento: 0,77-0,91; p < 0,001), los de solvencia económica (RPa: 0,90; IC 95 por ciento: 0,90-0,98; p = 0,019) y los que estaban cursando el tercer y cuarto años académicos (RPa: 0,93; IC 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,97; p = 0,003) fueron los de menor disposición para colaborar; ajustado por el sexo y la universidad. Conclusión: Existe una elevada disposición hacia la colaboración médica internacional y está asociada a múltiples aspectos sociales y educativos(AU)

Introduction: Cuba has been characterized by sending health delegations to various countries, called "medical missions". However, the interest of future professionals in joining those delegations has not been investigated. Objectives: Characterize the disposition towards international medical collaboration and identify the associated factors in Cuban students of Stomatology. Methods: A cross-sectional research and secondary data analytics was carried out in students of all years of the academic year 2018-2019, belonging to eight universities. The dependent variable was the report of the willingness to go on medical missions. Prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated. Results: 1174 students participated, of which 830 (71 percent) were willing to fulfill medical missions. There was a greater willingness towards medical collaboration as age increased (RPa: 1.02; 95 percent CI 1.00-1.04; p = 0.044); as well as, in students who reported family pressure to study the career (RPa: 1.17; 95 percent CI 1.09-1.26; p < 0.001). Those who reported good grades before entering college (RPa: 0.83; 95 percent CI 0.77-0.91; p < 0.001), those of economic solvency (RPa: 0.90; 95 percent CI 0.90-0.98; p = 0.019) and those who were in the third and fourth academic years (RPa: 0.93; 95 percent CI 0.88-0.97; p = 0.003) were those with the least willingness to collaborate; adjusted by sex and college. Conclusion: There is a high disposition towards international medical collaboration and it is associated with multiple social and educational aspects(AU)

Aporte de la solidaridad médica cubana a la salud de la población de Timor-Leste / Contribution of Cuban medical solidarity to the health of Timor-Leste´s population

Introducción: La solidaridad médica cubana llega a Timor-Leste cuando no habían transcurrido dos años de su independencia, con una infraestructura de salud muy dañada y prácticamente sin médicos disponibles para garantizar los servicios básicos de salud. Objetivo: Analizar el aporte de la solidaridad médica cubana en la mejora del estado de salud de la población de Timor-Leste en el periodo 2004-2019. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, que se apoyó en el estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo y se aplicó el método etnográfico. El periodo de estudio abarcó 15 años, desde 2004 hasta 2019. Conclusiones: La solidaridad médica cubana en la salud de Timor-Leste, durante estos 15 años, ha contribuido a modificar el cuadro sanitario que tenía ese país cuando logró su independencia en el año 2002, convirtiéndose en uno de los países con mejores indicadores en la Región de Oceanía. La asistencia médica y la formación de estudiantes en Cuba y en el propio Timor-Leste son elementos decisivos de la cooperación de Cuba en la trasformación y fortalecimiento del sistema sanitario timorense, factores esenciales para alcanzar la cobertura universal de salud(AU)

Introduction: Cuban medical solidarity arrives in Timor-Leste two years after its independence, with a badly damaged health infrastructure and practically no doctors available to guarantee basic health services. Objective: Analyze the contribution of Cuban medical solidarity in improving the health status of Timor-Leste´s population in the period 2004-2019. Methods: A qualitative research was carried out, which was based on the descriptive and retrospective study and the ethnographic method was applied. The study period spanned 15 years, from 2004 to 2019. Conclusions: Cuban medical solidarity in Timor-Leste, during these 15 years, has contributed to modify the health picture that the country had when it achieved its independence in 2002, becoming one of the countries with the best indicators in the Oceania Region. Medical assistance and the training of students in Cuba and in Timor-Leste itself are decisive elements of Cuba's cooperation in the transformation and strengthening of the Timorese health system, which are essential factors in achieving universal health coverage(AU)

La cooperación internacional y el sistema de salud cubano desde una perspectiva social / International Cooperation and The Cuban Health System from A Social Perspective

Introducción: Los enfoques políticos, sociales y económicos desde los cuales se canaliza la cooperación internacional en salud influyen en el desarrollo de los sistemas sanitarios. Su adecuada utilización potencia los logros obtenidos como complemento a los esfuerzos gubernamentales para mejorar la salud de la población. Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de la cooperación internacional en salud en Cuba en el periodo de 1960 hasta 2018 y su vínculo con el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud desde una perspectiva social. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa documental, sobre la base del método histórico-lógico. El periodo de estudio estuvo comprendido entre 1960, fecha de creación del Sistema Nacional de Salud, y 2018. Desde una perspectiva social, se aborda el vínculo desde lo teórico, entre la evolución de la cooperación internacional en salud con el desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Conclusiones: Las capacidades de recursos humanos y científico-técnicas de Cuba junto al desarrollo del sistema de salud constituyen una fortaleza que permite un adecuado uso de los recursos que se reciben por la cooperación internacional, con un marcado enfoque social y en beneficio de la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The political, social and economic approaches, from which international cooperation in health is channeled, influence the development of health systems. Its proper use enhances the achievements as a complement to government efforts to improve the population health. Objective: To analyze the evolution of international cooperation in health in Cuba 1960 to 2018 and the link with the development of the National Health System from a social perspective. Methods: A qualitative documentary research was carried out, based on the historical-logical method. The study period was from 1960, when the National Health System was created, to 2018. From a social perspective, the theoretical relation between the evolution of international cooperation in health and the development of the Cuban National Health System is addressed. Conclusions: The capacities of human and scientific-technical resources of Cuba, together with the development of the health system, constitute a strength that allows adequate use of the resources received by international cooperation, with marked social approach and for the benefit of health of the population(AU)

Aplicación de un modelo cubano predictivo de mortalidad en pacientes graves por covid-19 en Lombardía, Italia / Application of a Cuban mortality-predictive model in seriously-ill patients with Covid-19 in Lombardy, Italy

RESUMEN Introducción: la neumonía por covid-19 es la enfermedad infecciosa que ha revolucionado al mundo en los últimos meses. El diagnóstico pasa por varios momentos: el cuadro clínico, la analítica sanguínea y las imágenes. La estratificación del riesgo de muerte es muy importante para optimizar los recursos. Objetivos: validar un modelo matemático cubano predictivo de mortalidad en pacientes ingresados por covid-19. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte con 191 pacientes, que ingresaron graves en el Hospital Mayor de Crema, en la provincia de Cremona, región de Lombardía (Italia), en el período de abril a mayo de 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 191 pacientes, y no se tomó muestra alguna. Las variables fueron: edad, estado del paciente, niveles de creatinina plasmática, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial, niveles de oxígeno y de dióxido de carbono en sangre, valor del sodio y de hemoglobina. Resultados: mortalidad del 22 % en pacientes graves y críticos, con media de la edad (grupo 1: 59 años) (grupo 2: 73 años); t-Student = 0,00. Test de Hosmer-Lemenshow (0,766) con elevado ajuste. Sensibilidad = 93 %. Área bajo la curva = 0,957. Porcentaje de aciertos en la regresión logística de 86,4 % y en la red neuronal de 91,2 %. Media del modelo por grupos (grupo 1: 4 458) (grupo 2: 2 911) t-Student = 0,00. Conclusiones: el modelo demostró ser muy útil en el flujograma de pacientes atendidos con la covid-19. Permitió detectar tempranamente (a los cinco días del ingreso) los pacientes con alto riesgo de muerte y discriminar aquellos que no tendrían este riesgo, de manera que pudieran ser tratados en unidades de cuidados mínimos (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 pneumonia is an infectious disease that has revolutionized the world in the last months. The diagnosis goes thought several moments: clinical features, blood analytic and images. Death risk stratification is very important to optimize resources. Objective: to validate the Cuban mathematic predictive model of mortality in patients admitted due to COVID-19. Materials and methods: cohort study with 191 seriously-ill patients who were admitted to Maggiore di Crema Hospital, Cremona, Lombardy region, Italy, in the period April-May 2020. The universe were 191 patients and no sample was chosen. The variables were: age; patient's status; plasma creatinine levels; respiratory rate; heart rate; arterial pressure; blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels; values of sodium and hemoglobin. Results: 22 % of mortality in seriously-ill and critical patients, with average age in Group 1: 59 years, in Group 2: 73 years; t-Student = 0.00. Hosmer-Lemenshow test (0.766) with high adjustment. Sensitivity= 93 %. Area below the curve=0.957. Success percentage in logistic regression of 86.4 % and 91.2 % in the neuronal net. Model media per groups: Group 1= 4 458; Group 2= 2 911, t-Student = 0.00. Conclusions: the model showed to be very useful in the flow chart of patients attended with COVID-19. It allowed to early detect the patients at high death risk five days from admission and discriminating those who were not at risk, in a way that they could be treated in minimal care units (AU).

The militarization of responses to COVID-19 in Democratic Latin America / A militarização das respostas à COVID-19 nas democracias Latino-americanas / La militarización de las respuestas a la COVID-19 en las democracias latinoamericanas

Abstract Latin America has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting its governments to take action. In this context, countries within Latin America have used their armed forces for an array of tasks to serve citizens. But how militarized is the response to COVID-19 in Latin America? This paper proposes a typology of tasks provided by the armed forces as a response to COVID-19. The descriptive findings allow us to map these tasks, attributing scores to the fourteen Latin American democracies. We also show evidence for the potential consequences of some tasks. Policing the streets to enforce stay-at-home orders may lead to the military committing human rights violations, assuming eminently civilian posts to manage the public health crisis can result in long term implications for the civil-military balance that are detrimental to the democratic control over the military.

Resumo A América Latina foi gravemente afetada pela pandemia global COVID-19, o que estimulou a resposta dos seus governos. Nesse contexto, esses países têm utilizado suas forças armadas para uma série de tarefas a serviço dos cidadãos. Mas quão militarizada é a resposta à COVID-19 na América Latina? Este artigo propõe uma tipologia de tarefas solicitadas a esses militares em resposta à COVID-19. Os resultados descritivos nos permitem mapear as várias tarefas que os militares estão sendo encarregados de fazer, atribuindo notas às quatorze democracias latino-americanas. Também mostramos evidências das consequências potenciais de algumas tarefas. Pode-se observar que há risco de violação dos direitos humanos quando militares são encarregados de policiar as ruas para fazer cumprir as ordens de permanência em casa. Ainda, quando os militares assumem cargos eminentemente civis na administração da crise de saúde pública vislumbram-se implicações de longo prazo em relação ao equilíbrio civil-militar, o que prejudica o controle democrático sobre os militares.

Resumen América Latina se ha visto gravemente afectada por la pandemia mundial de COVID-19, lo que ha llevado a sus gobiernos a tomar medidas. En este contexto, estos países han utilizado sus fuerzas armadas para una serie de tareas al servicio de la ciudadanía. Pero ¿qué tan militarizada es la respuesta a la COVID-19 en América Latina? Este artículo propone una tipología de tareas solicitadas a esas fuerzas armadas como respuesta a la COVID-19. Los hallazgos descriptivos permiten mapear las diversas tareas que se les han asignado a los militares, atribuyendo puntajes a las catorce democracias latinoamericanas. También mostramos evidencia de las posibles consecuencias de algunas tareas. Al vigilar las calles para hacer cumplir las órdenes de confinamiento, los militares pueden cometer violaciones a los derechos humanos, al asumir puestos eminentemente civiles para gestionar la crisis de salud pública, puede haber implicaciones a largo plazo para el equilibrio cívico-militar que son perjudiciales para el control democrático sobre los militares.

Surgical 'safari' vs. educational program: experience with international cardiac surgery missions in nigeria

Abstract Introduction: In any country, the development and growth of open-heart surgery parallel stable political climate, economic growth, good leadership, and prudent fiscal management. These were lacking in Nigeria, which was under a military rule. The enthronement of democratic rule, in 1999, has caused desirable changes. The objective of this study is to report our experience with foreign cardiac teams that visited the National Cardiothoracic Center of Excellence, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, for seven years, in order to restart its open-heart surgery program. Methods: To achieve the desired open-heart surgery training, our center received regular and frequent visits from foreign cardiac teams who would perform open-heart surgery with the local team. Results: During the period of seven years, a total of 266 open-heart operations involving both adults and children were performed, with a mean of 38 cases per year; 150 (54.4%) males and 116 (43.6%) females were treated, with a ratio of 1.0:0.8. Six different teams visited the center at different periods. Conclusion: After these years of cardiac missions to our center, the experience of the local team, especially the surgeons, is far from desirable because each team visit usually lasted about a week or two and each team, with exception of the CardioStart International/William Novick Global Cardiac Alliance, adopted the surgical 'safari' method.

"Hipnóticos" na metrópole: africanos no Hospital Colonial de Lisboa nas primeiras décadas do século XX / "Hypnotics" in the metropolis: Africans in the Colonial Hospital of Lisbon during the early twentieth century

Resumo No início do século XX, alguns médicos portugueses foram à África estudar a chamada doença do sono. Entre eles estava Ayres Kopke, membro da primeira missão médica à África Ocidental Portuguesa. De regresso a Lisboa, o professor da Escola de Medicina Tropical continuou suas pesquisas, inclusive por meio da observação de doentes trazidos para a metrópole. Desde 1903, as repartições de saúde nas colônias estavam incumbidas de enviar doentes com determinadas patologias exóticas para o Hospital Colonial de Lisboa. Com base em documentos desse hospital, incluindo fotografias dos doentes, então chamados de hipnóticos, o artigo aborda a importância das experiências com humanos na metrópole para o avanço da medicina tropical durante o colonialismo.

Abstract At the start of the twentieth century, some Portuguese physicians traveled to Africa to study sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). One was Ayres Kopke, a member of the first medical mission to Portuguese West Africa and professor at the School of Tropical Medicine. After returning to Lisbon, Kopke continued his research, which included observation of patients brought to the metropolis. Starting in 1903, health departments in the colonies were responsible for sending patients with certain exotic diseases to the Colonial Hospital of Lisbon. Based on documents from this hospital including photographs of patients (who at that time were called "hypnotics"), this article discusses the importance of human experiments in Lisbon for advances in tropical medicine during the colonial period.

O Grace Memorial Hospital e a Missão Presbiteriana norte-americana no Brasil: fontes para a história da assistência à saúde, 1955-1971 / Grace Memorial Hospital and the American Presbyterian Mission in Brazil: sources for the history of healthcare, 1955-1971

Resumo Apresenta aspectos da história e do acervo documental do Grace Memorial Hospital, instituição criada em 1926 na antiga cidade de Ponte Nova, atual Wagner, na Chapada Diamantina (BA), pelo médico e missionário presbiteriano norte-americano Walter Welcome Wood. O corpus documental está sob guarda da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, campus II, Alagoinhas, desde o encerramento definitivo das atividades do hospital, e constitui-se em fonte de pesquisa para diferentes áreas de estudo, especialmente para a história da assistência à saúde no Brasil. Os documentos auxiliam as análises sobre a incidência de doenças, tratamentos médicos e outros cuidados com a saúde em uma população que não tinha acesso a outras instituições que atuassem nesse âmbito.

Abstract The paper presents aspects of the history and archives of Grace Memorial Hospital, founded in 1926 in the former town of Ponte Nova, now Wagner, in the Chapada Diamantina region of Bahia state, Brazil, by the American Presbyterian missionary and doctor Walter Welcome Wood. The documents in question have been kept at the Universidade do Estado da Bahia, campus II, Alagoinhas, since the hospital closed down definitively. They constitute a source of research for different areas of scholarship, especially the history of healthcare in Brazil. The documents are used in analyses of the incidence of diseases, medical treatments, and other care given to a population that had no access to other institutions working in this area.

La cooperación docente cubana en Guinea Bissau, una estrategia para alcanzar la cobertura universal de salud / Cuban teaching cooperation in Guinea Bissau as a strategy to achieve universal health coverage

En 2006 se inició en Guinea Bissau un programa formativo como estrategia de fortalecimiento de las capacidades nacionales del país y de sostenibilidad de las brigadas médicas que laboraron en el proyecto. Este es uno de los países más pobres del mundo, con escasos recursos materiales y humanos, déficit en la educación y con gran migración de profesionales buscando mejores condiciones económicas. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa aplicando el método histórico-lógico. Se recopiló toda la información a partir de la revisión de los documentos afines al trabajo de las brigadas médicas cubanas que han laborado en el país. El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de describir el desarrollo y alcance de la colaboración docente cubana desde el inicio del programa hasta la actualidad. Se enfatiza en la importancia de la aplicación del método formativo desde la comunidad, como vía para el fortalecimiento de los Sistemas Sanitarios y mejorar la salud de las poblaciones(AU)

The present study is aimed to describe the development and scope of Cuban teaching collaboration in the training of human resources, from the beginning of the implementation of the new training program in 2006 to date, as a strategy for strengthening national capacities in Guinea Bissau and sustainability of the work of the Medical Brigade in this country. This is one of the poorest countries in the world, with scarce material and human resources, a deficit in training and a big migration of professionals seeking better economic conditions. It was conducted a qualitative research applying the historical-logical method. It was collected all the information from the revision of the documents related to the work of the Cuban medical brigades that have worked in that country. This research has the objective of describing the development and scope of the Cuban teaching cooperation and it is emphasized the importance of the application of a formative method from the community, as a way for the strengthening of Sanitary Systems and to improve the health of populations. This a successful example of this experience linked to the Medical Brigade, with the intention of demonstrating its feasibility and extending it to the rest of the African continent(AU)

Enfermera y profesora Juana de Jesús Villalón Sánchez, ejemplo de humanismo / Nurse and teacher Juana de Jesús Villalón Sánchez, an example of humanism

RESUMEN La formación del personal de salud a los más altos niveles, como aspira Cuba, constituye una tarea de primer orden, por lo que el ejemplo de docentes destacados constituye una fortaleza en este sentido. El objetivo del presente trabajo es socializar la historia de vida de Juana de Jesús Villalón Sánchez, licenciada en enfermería y destacada profesora, para mostrar sus valores éticos, humanistas y patrióticos, como ejemplo de la docencia y asistencia en la enfermería cubana correspondiéndose estos con los que se aspira del sector de la salud. Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa, empleando la entrevista individual y el método histórico. Además, se utilizaron documentos inéditos relacionados con su trayectoria laboral, el cumplimiento de diferentes tareas encomendadas, así como, fotografías, testimonios, certificados y reconocimientos. Se describen diferentes etapas de su vida estudiantil, su trayectoria como enfermera y como profesora de Enfermería. Se hace referencia a su militancia comunista y en organizaciones de masas, su participación internacionalista en la República de Angola, en Yemen del Sur, en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y pasajes de su vida familiar (AU).

ABSTRACT Health professionals' formation is undoubtedly one of the most valuable achievements of the Revolution so the example of the outstanding teachers constitute a pillar for the medical education. The objective of the current work is to socialize the life Juana de Jesús Villalón Sánchez, Bachelor of nursing and an outstanding teacher, showing her ethical-humanist and patriotic values, as an example of the teaching and assistance of the Cuban Nursing, which is in correspondence with what is expected from the Cuban Health System. A qualitative research was developed using the individual interview and the historical method. In addition, unpublished documents were used related to her professional career, the fulfillment of different tasks entrusted, as well as photographs, testimonies, certificates and acknowledgments. The study describes different stages of her school life, her professional career, as a nurse and as a nursing teacher. It also deals with her communist political affiliation and mass organizations activism. The paper includes her internationalist participation in the Republic of Angola, in South Yemen, and in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Passages of her family life are also described (AU).

Preeminent Medical Missionary in the 20th Century: Oliver R. Avison

No abstract available.

Experiencia docente de colaboradores guantanameros en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela / Experiência de ensino dos colaboradores de Guantánamo na República Bolivariana da Venezuela / Guantanamo´s teaching experience of collaborators in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Introducción: los valores forman parte de la vida del hombre, en los revolucionarios cubanos el valor del internacionalismo, la entrega, el compromiso y la solidaridad están bien arraigados desde todos los tiempos en nuestra historia, en este momento en la patria de Bolívar y Chávez, que es también nuestra patria. Objetivo: ilustrar la experiencia docente de colaboradores guantanameros en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Método: se realizó un trabajo de carácter histórico que ilustra la experiencia docente de un grupo de profesionales que colaboró en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el estado de Miranda, cumpliendo con los acuerdos del pacto de Sandino de los comandantes Fidel y Chávez en relación a la colaboración al pueblo venezolano, en especial, en la formación de los futuros médicos, basados en los principios y valores de la solidaridad, entrega, compromiso e internacionalismo. Resultados: se destacaron las bases de misiones (27) que, además de acercar a la población los servicios, también fomentaban las actividades en deporte y cultura, con participación de residentes y estudiantes venezolanos. Se logró utilizar el trabajo comunitario integrado como escenario docente principal para la formación del médico integral comunitario. Conclusiones: la formación de médicos es la mayor muestra de humanismo, internacionalismo y solidaridad que hace hoy vigente las ideas de Fidel y pone en alto la frase martiana: "Patria es humanidad". Se siente verdadera satisfacción por haber llevado el nombre de Guantánamo a la hermana República Bolivariana de Venezuela y de regresar con el deber cumplido(AU)

Introduction: values are part of man's life in the Cuban revolutionaries the value of internationalism, commitment, engagement and solidarity are well rooted from all time in our history, at this point in the homeland of Bolivar and Chavez, who is our homeland. Objective: illustrate the teaching experience of Guantanamo collaborators in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Method: it was conducted a historical work illustrating the teaching experience of a group of professionals who worked in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in the state of Miranda, fulfilling the agreements of the covenant of Sandino, Fidel and Chavez commanders regarding collaboration to the people of Venezuela, particularly in the training of future physicians, based on the principles and values of solidarity, dedication, commitment and internationalism. Results: assignments bases (27), as well as bringing services to the population, also promoted sports activities and culture, with participation of residents and Venezuelan students were highlighted. Integrated community work was used as the main teaching scenario for the formation of comprehensive medical community. Conclusions: the formation of doctors is the largest exhibition of humanism, internationalism and solidarity that makes today the ideas of Fidel force and holds high Marti phrase: "Homeland is humanity". It feels real satisfaction for having taken the name from Guantanamo to the sister Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and returned to duty fulfilled(AU)

Introdução: os valores são parte da vida do homem nos revolucionários cubanos o valor do internacionalismo, compromisso, engajamento e solidariedade estão bem estabelecidos de todos os tempos na nossa história, neste ponto na pátria de Bolívar e Chávez que também é nossa pátria. Objetivo: ilustrar a experiência de ensino de colaboradores de Guantánamo na República Bolivariana da Venezuela. Método: uma obra de histórico que ilustra a experiência de ensino de um grupo de profissionais que trabalharam na República Bolivariana da Venezuela, no estado de Miranda, cumprindo os acordos da aliança de Sandino de Fidel e Chávez comandantes em conexão foi feita colaboração para o povo venezuelano, especialmente na formação dos futuros médicos, com base nos princípios e valores da solidariedade, dedicação, empenho e do internacionalismo. Resultados: bases missões (27), bem como serviços trazendo para a população, também promoveu atividades esportivas e cultura, com a participação de residentes e estudantes venezuelanos foram destacados. Foi possível utilizar o trabalho comunitário integrado como o principal cenário de ensino para a formação do médico comunitário integral. Conclusões: formação de médicos é a maior exposição do humanismo, internacionalismo e solidariedade que faz hoje as idéias de força Fidel e mantém alta frase Marti: "Pátria é humanidade". É uma sensação real satisfação por ter tomado o nome de Guantánamo para a irmã República Bolivariana da Venezuela e retornou ao dever cumprido(AU)

Cooperación internacional ¿en qué estamos y hacia dónde vamos? / International cooperation. Where are we, and where are we heading to?

Unmet needs in global health are important issues, not yet solved by the international community. A variety of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and government institutions have tried to address this situation, developing multiple types of international cooperation (IC), such as humanitarian aid (HA), cooperation for development (CD) and medical missions (MM). In the last decades, we have witnessed an exponential growth in the creation and participation of these projects. Moreover, in the last 20 years, Chile has experimented a real paradigm switch, from a receiver to a provider of IC. Due to the recent surge in interest and relevance of the topic, we performed a narrative revision of the literature related with IC. In the present article, we characterize the different types of IC, with emphasis in MM: we address the risks, controversies and ethical problems associated with these activities. We finally propose some guidelines for the future development and promotion of MM.